Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, ForMemRS[1] (German: [ˈzɔmɐˌfɛlt]; 5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a Germantheoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and mentored a large number of students for the new era of theoretical physics. He served as doctoral supervisor for many Nobel Prize winners in physics and chemistry (only J. J. Thomson's record of mentorship is comparable to his).
He introduced the 2nd quantum number (azimuthal quantum number) and the 4th quantum number (spin quantum number). He also introduced the fine-structure constant and pioneered X-ray wave theory.
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